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Physics Degrees
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What to expect from a physics degree
Alongside practical work and experimentation, physics degrees will also include lots of theoretical learning and complex mathematics. Be prepared to delve into essential physical science subjects like quantum physics, mechanics, and general relativity. Physics students will also learn about the history of the profession and the physicists who paved the way for our modern understanding of the world. This foundational knowledge is often accompanied by introductions to specialised areas like astrophysics, geophysics, molecular physics, and nuclear physics.
Students typically start with an intro to physics, learning foundational principles, key laws, and the history of physics, including the contributions of groundbreaking physicists. From there, the curriculum expands into more focused modules, equipping students with the skills and knowledge to address scientific and real-world challenges.
At the final stage, you’ll most likely be tasked with completing a research project, independently or within a group.
Physics degree entry requirements
Undergraduate degrees
To study a bachelor’s degree in physics, it is likely that you’ll be required to have completed secondary-level qualifications (such as A-levels, IB, or equivalent) in both physics and mathematics. Some programmes may favour applicants with advanced mathematics (ex: further or higher mathematics) or an additional science subject, like chemistry.
International applicants should check their qualifications against the entry requirements and may need to prove English language proficiency through tests like IELTS or TOEFL. Undergraduate physics courses generally last three to four years, covering typical BSc physics subjects such as mechanics, quantum physics, and general relativity.
Postgraduate degrees
To enroll in a master’s degree in physics, such as a Master of Science in Physics or an MPhys, applicants typically need a strong academic background in physics or related physical science subjects. For international students, equivalent degrees and academic transcripts will be required, alongside proof of English proficiency.
Postgraduate programmes may last one to two years and offer opportunities for specialisation in areas like astrophysics, molecular physics, or geophysics.
Physics specialisations
On top of covering the works of major physicists throughout history, physics degrees will also introduce students to contemporary physics topics, providing an overview of how the principles of physics are applied in industries such as medicine, communications and engineering. Physics topics covered may include:
Thermodynamics
A specialisation in thermodynamics is a fundamental physical science subject, which explores the principles governing energy transfer, transformation, and equilibrium in physical systems. Students will study the laws of thermodynamics, covering key topics such as heat, work, entropy, and statistical mechanics. This field bridges macroscopic and molecular perspectives, with applications in engines, refrigeration, phase transitions, and advanced energy systems, including renewable energy and materials science.
Quantum physics
This physics subject introduces the core principles of quantum mechanics, focusing on wave functions, superposition, and the uncertainty principle. Students will explore areas like; Schrödinger equation, quantum numbers, and particle behaviour in potential wells. Topics covered in quantum physics typically include; quantum entanglement, tunnelling, and applications in quantum computing, semiconductors, and fundamental particle interactions.
Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics examines the structure and behaviour of atomic nuclei, including nuclear forces, isotopes, and decay processes. Key topics students will study include radioactive decay, fission, and fusion, with applications in nuclear energy, medical imaging, and astrophysics. This physical science subject also helps explain fundamental processes such as stellar nucleosynthesis and the origins of the elements in the universe.
Relativity
This specialisation covers both special and general relativity, exploring the nature of space-time, gravity, and relativistic motion. Students will study time dilation, length contraction, and mass-energy equivalence, working with Einstein’s field equations. Applications range from GPS technology and black hole physics to gravitational waves and cosmology.
Geophysics
Geophysics applies physics to study Earth’s structure, composition, and dynamic processes. Topics students might study may include seismology, magnetism, heat flow, and plate tectonics. Students can also expect to be proficient in using techniques such as ground-penetrating radar and satellite imaging which helps analyse earthquakes, natural resources, and climate change upon completion of this physics subject. This field has applications in environmental science, petroleum exploration, and planetary studies.
Renewable energy and environmental physics
If you choose to specialise in a field like renewable energy, you will mainly focus on the physics underlying sustainable energy solutions and environmental systems. Students will get to explore solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy, as well as energy storage and efficiency. Common topics of study may include climate modelling, atmospheric physics, and pollution control, with applications in developing green technologies and mitigating climate change.
Computational physics
Computational physics uses numerical methods and simulations to solve complex physical problems. Students will learn algorithm development, modelling techniques, and data analysis applied to quantum mechanics, fluid dynamics, astrophysics, and materials science. This field bridges physics with computer science, enabling advances in research and technology development.
There may also be the opportunity to take modules in related subjects, such as astronomy, mathematics, geology and electronics.
Physics careers
British science writer Simon Singh once said: “I reckon that physicists can do pretty much anything. Our training can be applied to almost any activity, and it allows us to see things in ways that might not be obvious to others.”
It’s certainly true that physics jobs are incredibly diverse. While many physics students undertake further study in order to be qualified for research-based physics jobs, many also go on to pursue physics jobs in a number of alternative industries, including business, finance, academia and other scientific areas. Even media broadcasting is an option, if you fancy yourself as the next Brian Cox!
Here are some physics jobs you could consider:
Aerospace engineer
Aerospace engineers apply principles from astrophysics and other physical science subjects to design, develop, and improve aircraft, satellites, spacecraft, and defense systems. Typical responsibilities of this role include optimising aerodynamics for better performance, designing efficient propulsion systems, developing advanced avionics and navigation technologies, improving structural materials for durability and weight reduction, and ensuring seamless system integration.
This physics job will also focus on enhancing safety, reducing costs, and minimising environmental impact. With a growing emphasis on eco-friendly aviation and space exploration, aerospace engineering will also offer exciting opportunities in research, commercial aviation, and defence industries. Specialist areas include avionics, propulsion, aerodynamics, systems integration, materials and structures.
Astrophysicist
To be an astrophysicist is every space-loving child’s dream. The role of astrophysics, according to NASA, is to “discover how the universe works, explore how it began and evolved, and search for life on planets around other stars.” But although it still sounds as cool now as it ever did, becoming an astrophysicist is highly competitive and challenging.
Astrophysicists work in a variety of settings, including space agencies like NASA and ESA, where they engage in astrophysical and cosmological data analysis, space mission design, and astronautical programme development. Many also pursue careers in academia, collaborating with leading universities on cutting-edge research. Others also find roles in aerospace industries, technology firms, and government agencies, contributing to fields such as satellite communications, instrumentation, and space policy.
Additionally, astrophysics expertise is also regarded valuable in industries like finance, data science, and artificial intelligence, where analytical problem-solving skills are in high demand.
Mechanical engineer
As a mechanical engineer, you’ll apply principles from physical science subjects to design and develop machinery across industries like manufacturing, transport, energy, and healthcare. Depending on your industry and the size of the company, you will most likely be involved in a number of different projects. You may even carry out research, surveys and assessments, and/or play a role in designing, constructing, maintaining and managing different projects.
Physics jobs within manufacturing could involve designing pumps and valves for water distribution or creating off-shore wind turbines. Healthcare applications are also expanding, with opportunities to enhance prosthetic implants, develop cutting-edge medical imaging devices, and improve the durability and performance of biomedical equipment. With the rise of artificial intelligence and smart technology, mechanical engineers can be expected to increasingly integrate data analytics and automation into their designs to optimise performance and sustainability as well.
Geophysicist
A geophysicist, also known as a field seismologist, studies the Earth's physical properties and analyses seismic activity using advanced technology. This role involves examining geological structures through methods such as gravity, magnetic, electrical, and seismic analysis to understand subsurface conditions. Geophysicists play a crucial role in earthquake monitoring, resource exploration, and environmental assessment, using high-tech instruments to gather and interpret data. Responsibilities often include analysing seismic waves, assessing natural hazards, and creating data models for industries such as oil and gas, environmental consultancy, and geotechnical engineering. With increasing demand for renewable energy and climate science, geophysics careers are expanding into sustainable resource management and environmental monitoring.
Medical physicist
Medical physicists use their expertise in physics to advance medical diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention. They develop, test, and refine specialised medical equipment and procedures to ensure accuracy and patient safety. Key areas of specialisation include radiotherapy, nuclear medicine, laser technology, and physiological monitoring, all of which play a crucial role in modern healthcare. Medical physicists work in hospitals, research institutions, regulatory bodies, and medical equipment manufacturing, contributing to innovations in imaging, radiation therapy, and patient monitoring systems. Their work is essential in ensuring the effectiveness and safety of medical technologies used in patient care.
Laboratory technician
Scientific laboratory technicians work on numerous laboratory-based investigations with the aim of developing public knowledge in different areas of biological, chemical, life and physical sciences in order to advance modern medicine and science. This role will involve activities such as measuring, sampling, testing, recording and analysing results, often within a team environment. Laboratory technicians are particularly important during the early stages of research and development (R&D) and are typically employed within governmental bodies, research organisations and industry R&D teams.
Other careers with a physics degree
Career pathways available with a bachelor's degree in physics or a Master of Physics are not limited to these. A physics degree opens doors to a wide range of opportunities across various industries. Other specialised physics jobs include careers in science journalism, ice science, coastal science, architecture, pyrotechnics, sound engineering, solar and renewable energy, radar and laser fusion and computer games design.
Alternative careers for physics degree graduates include careers in data science, software development, medical technology, manufacturing and media. Roles in business and finance are also a major option for physics degree graduates, due to the high levels of numeracy and data analysis needed to study physics.
Frequently Asked Questions
Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature, exploring how the universe behaves from the smallest particles to the largest galaxies. Common areas of study include mechanics, quantum physics, general relativity, nuclear physics, and geophysics.
A physics degree opens doors to diverse industries, including research, engineering, data science, finance, healthcare, renewable energy, and technology. Specialised fields like quantum physics, nuclear physics, and geophysics also offer exciting opportunities to graduates with specialised knowledge and skillset.
The best physics course depends on a range of factors such as, your interests, career goals, and academic background. To determine the right fit, explore different specialisations like quantum physics, nuclear physics, or geophysics, review course content and faculty expertise, and ensure it aligns with your future career goals and aspirations.
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